| Advantages Of IPM |
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Protects the environment from pesticidal pollution through
air, water, soil and food chain system. |
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Maintains ecological balance. |
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Beneficial to public health. |
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Well-suited for rural areas. |
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Biodegradable. No residues. |
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Essential for food processing industry, particularly for export.
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Enhances acceptability and value of produce for exports. |
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Protects beneficial insects and natural enemies
from hazardous effects of chemical properties. |
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Minimises the chances of the development of insect resistance,
to insecticides, pest resurgence and secondary pests. |
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Economically viable and socially acceptable proposition. |
| Cultural Method: |
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Early sowing. |
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Wider spacing of 45 cm rows. The plant has a physiological
compensation therefore a density of 50 to 80 plants/m2 may not
affect the yield. |
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Intercropping with mustard, wheat, barley, linseed, safflower
and sorghum tend to reduce the infestation. |
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Ploughing just before chickpea sowing will destroy cocoons.
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Deep summer ploughing to expose the pupae of cut worm and
pod-borer for natural enemies and scorching sunlight. |
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Crops should be sown by second fortnight of October and it
should be avoided after November. |
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Mixed cropping with mustard or linseed is advised as it minimises
the infestation of pod-borer. |
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Resistant varieties like G 130 and C 124 are less susceptible
to Heliothis armigera. |
| Mechanical Method: |
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Use of pheremone trap for monitoring of adult male population.
A threshold level of 5-6 moths/trap during March-April is recommended
to start control operations. |
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Mechanical collection and destruction can be successfully
carried out only when the pest attack just starts in case of
Heliothis armigera and gram semilooper and cut worms. |
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Light traps are also used to control cutworms. |
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Neem seed kernel extract (5%) is more effective. |
| Biological Method: |
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Pupa of Apanteles (wasp) parasite Helicoverpa armigera |
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Pupa of campoletis chlorideae, a parasitoid of Helicoverpa
armigera |
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H. armigera larva effected by NPV |
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Various parasites like microbracon and Apanteles act as parasites.
Caterpillars of gram cut worm and Trichogramma minutum have
proved very successful as an egg parasite of Heliothis armigera
in USA. |
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Bacillus thuringiensis bacterium is also known to damage midgut
of epithelium of Plucea orichalcea (Gram semilooper). |
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Application of NPV 250 LE/ha also gives effective control
against Heliothis armigera. |
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The most important parasitoids of pod borer are Trichogramma
chilonis. |
| Chemical Method: |
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In cutworm prone areas presowing treatment of soil with broadcasting
of chlorphyriphos (20 EC) 3 litre or lindane (20EC) 4 litre/ha
in 10 kg of sand may be used to control the pest. |
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Spraying 0.07% endosulfan 35 EC @ 3 litre /ha against Heliothis
armigera and gram semilooper infesting the crop. |
